Which item is NOT listed as a child risk factor?

• A. Premature birth and/or birth defects
• B. A personal attribute identified by a parent as undesirable
• C. Childhood trauma
• D. Excellent physical health

Answer: (D)

Risk factors are conditions or characteristics that raise a child’s likelihood of experiencing harm or developmental difficulties. Premature birth and birth defects are medical factors that can create health and development needs, so they fit as risk factors. Childhood trauma is a psychological and environmental risk factor that can lead to emotional, behavioral, and mental health challenges. A parent labeling a child as an undesirable attribute reflects negative attitudes and potential neglect or abuse, which also increases risk for harm. Excellent physical health, on the other hand, does not raise risk; it’s a protective, positive condition that supports resilience. Therefore, the item that is not listed as a child risk factor is excellent physical health.